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Endnotes
1 Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, in interview with Gary Null, 3/10/95. His statement is referenced in the Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, Fifth Ed., Williams and Wilkins.
2 Joel Griffiths, "Fluoride: Commie Plot or Capitalist Ploy," Covert Action, Fall 1992, Vol. 42, p. 30.
3 Ibid., p. 27.
4 The Fluoride Story. National Institute of Dental Research.
5 Griffiths, p. 28.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 ibid.
10 Griffiths, op. cit.
11 "H. Trendley Dean." MWWR Weekly. October 22, 1999 / 48(41);935
12 The Fluoride Story.
13 Andreas Schuld, "Fluoride-What's Wrong with This Picture?"
14 J.Colquhoun, Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International Symposium on Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September 1988
15 Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)
16 AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957
17 McNeil, The Fight for Fluoridation, 1957, p. 37.
18 Griffiths, op. cit., p. 28.
19 Griffiths, op. cit.
20 G.L. Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, Lawrence, KS, Coronado Press, 1978, p. 295.
21 Paul Farhi, Washington Post, 11/23/91.
22 Griffiths, op. cit., p. 63.
23 Griffiths, op. cit., p. 63.
24 Longevity Magazine, pp. 7-89.
25 The Morning Call, 2/7/90
26 Science, 1/90.
27 Waldbott, op. cit., p. 255.
28 Letter, Rebecca Hammer, 3/83.
29 U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Policy statement on community water fluoridation," July 22, 1992, Washington, D.C.
30 Chemical and Engineering News, 8/1/88, p. 29; Amer. J. Pub. Health, editorial, 5/89, p. 561; J.A. Brunelle and J.P. Carlos, "Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation," 2/90, p. 276.
31 Los Angeles Times. 1/ 26/95.
32 The Chicago Tribune, 1/26/95
33 A.S. Gray, Canadian Dental Association Journal, October 1987, pp. 76-83.
34 Letter, Sierra Club to Wm. K. Reilly, EPA, 7/21/89.
35 John Yiamouyiannis, Fluoride, 1990, Vol. 23, pp. 55-67.
36 J.A. Brunelle and J.P. Carlos, "Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation," JOURNAL OFDENTAL RESEARCH Vol. 69, Special Issue (February 1990), pgs. 723-727 and discussion pgs. 820-823.
37 Center for Health Action, 3/30/90.
38 Clinical Pediatrics, Nov. 1991.
39 ADA News, 10/17/94.
40 Angelillo IF, Torre I, Nobile CG, Villari P. Caries and fluorosis prevalence in communities with different concentrations of fluoride in the water. Caries Res 1999;33(2):114-22
41 The Science and Practice of Caries Prevention. Featherstone, J.D.B. Journal of the American Dental Association 2001 131, 887-899.
42 Seppa L, Karkkainen S, Hausen H. Caries trends 1992-1998 in two low-fluoride Finnish towns formerly with and without fluoridation. Caries Res 2000 Nov-Dec;34(6):462-8.
43 Maupome G, Clark DC, Levy SM, Berkowitz J. Patterns of dental caries following the cessation of water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001 Feb;29(1):37-47
44 Kunzel W, Fischer T. Caries prevalence after cessation of water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Res 2000 Jan-Feb;34(1):20-5
45 de Liefde B. The decline of caries in New Zealand over the past 40 years.N Z Dent J 1998 Sep;94(417):109-13
46 Kunzel W, Fischer T, Lorenz R, Bruhmann S. Decline of caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in the former East Germany. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 Oct;28(5):382-9
47 Kumar JV, Swango PA. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999 Jun;27(3):171-80
48 Chemical and Engineering News, 8/1/88, p.31.
49 Limeback H. A re-examination of the pre-eruptive and post-eruptive mechanism of the anti-caries effects of fluoride: is there any anti-caries benefit from swallowing fluoride? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999 Feb;27(1):62-71
50 Gary Null interview with Dr. Harvey Limeback, 1/30/01.
51 Gary Null interview.
52 Keith E. Heller and others, "Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations," JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY Vol. 57, No. 3 (Summer 1997), pgs. 136-143.
53 John Colquhoun. Why I Changed My Mind About Water Fluoridation.Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41, 1, Autumn 1997
54 Waldbott, op. cit., p. xvii.
56 Statement by Dr. James Patrick before Congressional Subcommittee, 8/4/82.
57 Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, Vol. 59, Apr. 1993, p. 334.
58 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Lee, 3/10/95.
59 Ibid.
60 Roholm K. Fluorine Intoxication. A Clinical-Hygienic Study. Nyt Nordisk, Copenhagen and H K Lewis, London 1937 pp 281-282.
61 Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. National Academy of Sciences, USA 1993: p 59.
62 F. Exner and G. Waldbott, The American fluoridation
63 Federal Register, 12/24/75.
64 See http://www.fluoridealert.com/
65 Pierre-M. Galletti and Gustave Joyet, "Effect of fluorine on thyroidal iodine metabolism in hyperthyroidism," JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY Vol. 18 (October 1958), pgs. 1102-1110.
66 Beth Ann Ditkoff and Paul Lo Gerfo, THE THYROID GUIDE [ISBN 0060952601] (New York: Harper, 2000), cover notes.
67 HIP FRACTURES & FLUORIDE REVISITED: A CRITIQUE. Fluoride Vol. 33 No. 1 1-5 2000 Editorial 1.
68 Chemical and Engineering News, 8/1/88, p. 33.
69 Jan G. Stannard et al., "Fluoride levels and fluoride contamination of fruit juices," The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1991, pp. 38-40.
70 Gary Null interview.
71 Heilman, et al., JADA, July 1997.
72 Ibid.
73 ibid.
74 Bardsen A, Bjorvatn K. Risk periods in the development of dental fluorosis. Clin Oral Investig 1998 Dec;2(4):155-60
75 Mascarenhas, Ana Karina. Risk factors for Dental Fluorosis: A review of the recent literature. Pediatric Dentistry, 4/22/2000.
76 Pereira AC, Da Cunha FL, Meneghim M de C, Werner CW. Dental caries and fluorosis prevalence study in a nonfluoridated Brazilian community: trend analysis and toothpaste association. Fluoride 33 (2) 2000.
77 Institute of Medicine (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Cited in "50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation."
78 Rwenyonyi CM, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O, Bjorvatn K. Age as a determinant of severity of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water. Clin Oral Investig 2000 Sep;4(3):157-61
79 Waldbott, op. cit., pp. 307-308.
80 Gary Null interview.
81 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Lee, 3/10/95.
82 Schenectady Gazette Star, 8/5/89.
83 Daniel Grossman, "Fluoride's Revenge," The Progressive, Dec. 1990, pp. 29-31.
84 American Journal of Public Health, 12/85.
85 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
86 Daniel Grossman. Op. cit..
87 George Glasser, "Dental Fluorosis - A Legal Time Bomb!" Sarasota/Florida ECO Report, Vol. 5, No. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 1-5.
88 New York Times, Sunday, Junje 10, 2001.
89 Chemical and Engineering News, 8/1/88, p. 49.
90 New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation, release, 11/89.
91 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis 4/28/90.
92 Chemical and Engineering News, 8/1/88, p. 36.
93 Hileman, Bette. Fluoridation of Water. Questions about Health Risks and Benefits Remain After 40 Years. Chemical & Engineering News Vol. 66 (August 1, 1988.
94 Connett P. 50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation.
95 Gary Null interview.
96 Waldbott, op. cit., p. 38.
97 F. Exner and G. Waldbott, op. cit., pp. 42-43.
98 JAMA, Vol. 264, July 25, 1990, pp. 500.
99 Cooper et al., JAMA, Vol. 266, July 24, 1991, pp. 513-14.
100 Christa Danielson et al., "Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly population," JAMA, Vol. 268, Aug. 12, 1992, pp. 746-48.
101 Ibid., p. 746.
102 New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 322, pp. 802-809.
103 Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 11/94.
104 U.S. National Research Council, Diet and Health, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1989, p. 121.
105 Hip Fractures And Fluoride Revisited: A Critique. Fluoride Vol. 33 No. 1 1-5 2000 Editorial 1.
106 Ibid.
107 U.S. National Research Council, Diet and Health,Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1989, p. 121.
108 Waldbott GL, Burgstahler A, McKinney HL. Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma. Coronado Press Inc, Kansas, 1978. pp81-4.
109 50 reasons to oppose fluoridation.
110 National Cancer Institute (1989). Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1987, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Publication No.90-2789.
111 Cohn, P.D. (1992). An Epidemiologic Report on Drinking Water and Fluoridation. New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ.
112 Albright JA. The effect of fluoride on the mechanical properties of bone. Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the Orthopedics Research Society. 1978; 240 (15): 1630-1.
113 Robin JC, et al. Studies on osteoporosis III. Effect of estrogens and fluoride. J Med. 1980; II (1): 1-14
114 Danielson C, et al. Hip fractures and fluoridation in Utah's elderly. JAMA 1992; 268: 746-8.
115 Kleerekoper M. Fluoride and the skeleton. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1996 Apr;33(2):139-61
116 Dequeker J, Declerck K. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993 Nov 27;123(47):2228-34 Fluor in the treatment of osteoporosis. An overview of thirty years clinical research.
117 L.R. Hedlund and J.C. Gallagher, "Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride," JOURNAL OF BONE MINERAL RESEARCH Vol. 4, No. 2 (April 1989), pgs. 223-225.
118 B.L. Riggs and others, "Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rates in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis," NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol. 322, No. 12 (March 22 1990), pgs. 802-809.
119 Kotha SP, Walsh WR, Pan Y, Guzelsu N. Varying the mechanical properties of bone tissue by changing the amount of its structurally effective bone mineral content. Biomed Mater Eng 1998;8(5-6):321-34
120 Colquhoun. Op. Cit.
121 See Connett P. 50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation.
122 Li, Y., C. Liang, et al. (1999). "Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures." Submitted for publication. Contact details: Dr. Yiming Li, Loma Linda School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, Phone 1-909-558-8069, Fax 1-909-558-0328 and e-mail, Yli@sd.llu.edu.
123 "Middletown, Maryland latest city to receive toxic spill of fluoride in their drinking water," report by Truth About Fluoride, Inc., in Townsend Letter for Doctors, 10/15/94, p. 1124.
124 "Middletown, Maryland latest city to receive toxic spill of fluoride in their drinking water," report by Truth About Fluoride, Inc., in Townsend Letter for Doctors, 10/15/94, p. 1124.
125 Reprinted by M. Bevis, "Morbidity associated with ingestion/dialysis of community water fluoride," CDC, Dental Div., 6/11/92, distributed by Safe Water Foundation of Texas.
126 . Townsend Letter for Doctors, 10/94, p. 1125.
127 Janet Raloff, "The St. Regis Syndrome," Science News, July 19, 1980, pp. 42-43; reprinted in Griffiths, op. cit., p. 26.
128 Robert Tomalin, "Dumping grounds," Wall Street Journal, Nov. 29, 1990; reprinted in Griffiths, op. cit.
129 "Summary review of health effects associated with hydrogen fluoride acid related compounds," EPA Report Number 600/8-29/002F, Dec. 1988, pp. 1- .
130 John Yiamouyiannis, Lifesaver's Guide to Fluoridation, Delaware, Ohio, Safe Water Foundation, 1983, p. 1.
131 G.L. Waldbott et al., Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, Lawrence, KS, Coronado Press, 1978, p. 222.
132 Ibid.
133 Graham, JR and Morin PJ.Highlights of North American Litigation During the Twentieth Century on Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies. Journalof Land Use and Environmental Law.
134 Ibid.
135 Hilleboe HE, et al. Newburgh-Kingston Caries Fluorine Study: Final Report, 52. JADA 290 (1956).
136 Harris RR. Dental Science in a New Age, Hisotry of the National institute of Dental Research (1989)
137 ibid.
138 Graham and Morin. Op. Cit.
139 John Yiamouyiannis and Dean Burk, "Fluoridation of public water systems and cancer death rates in humans," presented at the 57th annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists,and published in Fluoride, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1977, pp. 102-103.
140 National Institute of Dental Research, "Fluoridation of water and cancer: a review of the epidemiological efficiency," 1985, pp. 10-13.
141 New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation.
142 Newsday, 2/27/90.
143 Oakland Tribune, 2/16/90.
144 NFFE Local 2050, 3/90.
145 Washington Post, 2/20/90.
146 The Lancet, 2/3/90.
147 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis 4/28/90.
148 Center for Health Action.
149 M.W. Browne, The New York Times, 3/13/90.
150 Ibid.
151 Medical Tribune, 2/22/90.
152 New York State Medical News, 3/90.
153 S. Begley, Newsweek, 2/5/90.
154 Safe Water Foundation, 3/4/90
155 Mutation Research, Vol. 223, pp. 191-203.
156 Joel Griffiths, Medical Tribune, 2/22/90.
157 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
158 Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 21, pp. 309-318.
159 Journal of Carcinogenesis, Vol. 9, pp. 2279-2284.
161 Mark Lowey, "Scientists question health risks of fluoride," Calgary Herald, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Feb. 28, 1992;
162 Griffiths, op. cit., p. 66.
163 Connett. 50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation.
164 Ibid.
165 Masters RD, Coplan MJ, Hone BT, Dykes JE. Association of silicofluoride treated water with elevated blood lead. Neurotoxicology 2000 Dec;21(6):1091-100
166
Trustees of Dartmouth College. Dartmouth Researcher Warns of Chemicals
Added to Drinking Water. 15 March 2001. www.dartmouth.edu/~news
167 ibid.
168 ibid.
169 ibid.
170 Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 55, Sup B, p. 523, 1976, "Effect of Inorganic Fluoride Salts on Urine and Tissue Cyclic AMP Concentration in Vivo".
171 Mullenix PJ, Denbesten PK, Schunior A, Kernan WJ. Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995 Mar-Apr;17(2):169-77
172 Ekambaram P, Paul V. Environ. Calcium preventing locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing serum fluoride level in rats.Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;9(4):141-146
173 Varner JA, Jensen KF, Horvath W, Isaacson RL. Brain Res 1998 Feb 16;784(1-2):284-98 Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity.
174 Ibid.
175 Strunecka A, Patocka J. Reassessment of the role of aluminum in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Cesk Fysiol 1999 Feb;48(1):9-15
176 Gary Null interview with Paul Connett, Ph.D.
177 Strunecka A and Patocka J. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of aluminofluoride complexes. Fluoride, vol. 32, No. 4 (November 1999).
178 Ibid.
179 ibid.
180 Luke JA. The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland.
181 Ibid.
182 National Sleep Foundation. Sleep in America poll. 2001.
183 Luboshitzky R, Lavie P. Melatonin and sex hormone interrelationships--a review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999 May-Jun;12(3):355-62
184 Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Monteleone P, Luisi S, Luisi M. Neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, and the onset of puberty. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;900:1-9
185 Okasha M, McCarron P, McEwen J, Smith GD. Age at menarche: secular trends and association with adult anthropometric measures. Ann Hum Biol 2001 Jan-Feb;28(1):68-78
186 Adair LS, Gordon-Larsen P. Maturational timing and overweight prevalence in US adolescent girls. Am J Public Health 2001 Apr;91(4):642-4
187 Foulkes R. The Fluoride Connection: Fluoride and the Placental Barrier. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. Issue #177.
188 Cox WR. Hello Test Animals or You and Your Grandchildren. Olsen Publishing Co., Milwaukee, WI 1951. Cited in Foulkes, op. cit.
189 Ibid.
190 ibid.
191 ibid.
192 Freni SC. Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates. J Toxicol Environ Health 1994 May;42(1):109-21
193 Foulkes. Op. Cit.
194 Narayana MV and Chinoy NJ. Effects of fluoride on rat testicular steroidogenesis. Fluoride, 27; 1; 7-12, 1994.
195 Chinoy NJ, Narayana MV. In vitro fluoride toxicity in human spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 1994 Mar-Apr;8(2):155-9.
196 Li XS et al. Effect of fluoride exposure in intelligence in children. Fluoride 1995; 28 (4).
197 Yang Y, Wang X, Guo X. Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children's intelligence and the metabolism of iodine and fluorine. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1994 Oct;15(5):296-8
198 Shettler T, et al. In Harm's Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development. (Cambridge MA: Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, May 2000).
199 Gary Null interview.
200Gary Null interview with Dr. Paul Connett, 1/30/01.
201 Klein W et al. DNA repair and environmental substances. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Bader-und Klimaheilkunde, 1977; 24 (3).
202 Mohamed A, Chandler ME. Cytological effects of sodium fluoride on mice. Fluoride. 1982; 15 (3): 110-18
203 Jachimczak D, Skotarczak B. The effect of fluorine and lead ions on the chromosomes of human leucocytes in vitro. Genetica Polonica . 1978; 19 (3): 353-7
204 Mukerjee RN, Sobels FH. The effect of sodium fluoride and idoacetamide on mutation induction by X-irradiation in mature spermatozoa of drosophila.
205 Jagiello G, Lin J-S. Sodium fluoride as potential mutagen in mammalian eggs. Arch Environ Hlth . 1974; 29: 230-5.
206 Yiamouyiannis JA, Burk D. Fluoridation of public water systems and the cancer death rate in humans. Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biologists and Chemists and the American Society of Experimental Biologists. June 1976.
207 Center for Health Action, 3/90.
208 Gary Null interview with Dr. William Marcus, 3/10/95.
209 ibid.
210 ibid.
211 ibid.
212 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
213 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Lee, 3/10/95.
214 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
215 Ibid.
216 Gary Null interview with Dr. William Marcus, 3/10/95.
217 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
218 Hirzy. Op. cit.
219 Ibid.
220 ibid.
221 ibid.
222 ibid.
223 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
224 New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation.
225 Longevity Magazine, 7/89.
226 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Lee, 3/10/95.
227 Should Natick Fluoridate? A Report to the Town and the Board of Selectmen Prepared by the Natick Fluoridation Study Committee 13 E. Central Street, Town of Natick, MA October 23, 1997
228 Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, June 13, 2001.
229 http://www.fluoridealert.org
230 Gary Null interview with Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, 3/10/95.
231 Ibid.
232 The Morning Call, 2/7/90
233 The New York Times, 3/13/90.