COLORECTAL CANCER
CALCIUM
(1 gram = 1000 milligrams)
1. Supplementation with calcium (500 mg/day) was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in men and women compared to those taking no supplements.
Cancer Causes Control. 2003 Feb;14(1):112.
Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States).
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ.
PMID 12708719
2. Compared to placebo, supplementation with elemental calcium (1200 mg/day) or calcium carbonate (3 grams/day) reduced the rate of recurrence of colorectal adenomas in patients with a history of colorectal adenomas, which are an indicator of colorectal cancer.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;889:13845.
Calcium supplements and colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Study Group.
Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC, Beck GJ, Frankl H, Pearson L, Bond JH, Greenberg ER.
FOLIC ACID
3. Chemotherapy treatment (5-fluorouracil 2600 mg in 24 hour infusion) combined with folonic acid (500 mg infusion before chemo treatment) may increase feasibility of metastatic resection and increase survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
Ann Oncol. 2001 Dec;12(12):1721-7.
Impact of surgery on survival in palliative patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after first line treatment with weekly 24-hour infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid.
Wein A, Riedel C, Kockerling F, Martus P, Baum U, Brueckl WM, Reck T, Ott R, Hansler J, Bernatik T, Becker D, Schneider T, Hohenberger W, Hahn EG.
PMID: 11843250
Animal Study
4. Doses of folate (8 mg per kilogram body weight for 5 weeks) inhibited colorectal carcinogenesis by protecting DNA in the rat colon.
Gastroenterology. 2000 Jul;119(1):151-61.
Effects of dietary folate on DNA strand breaks within mutation-prone exons of the p53 gene in rat colon.
Kim YI, Shirwadkar S, Choi SW, Puchyr M, Wang Y, Mason JB.
PMID: 10889164
Animal Study
5. Doses of folate (8 mg per kilogram diet) decreased the number of intestinal and colon adenomas (precursors to colorectal cancer) in mice more significantly if folate intake was provided before the introduction of the carcinogenic material.
Cancer Res. 2000 Jun 15;60(12):3191-9.
Chemopreventive effects of dietary folate on intestinal polyps in Apc+/-Msh2-/- mice.
Song J, Sohn KJ, Medline A, Ash C, Gallinger S, Kim YI.
PMID: 10866310
SELENIUM
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
6. Compared to placebo, daily doses of selenium (200 micrograms/day in enriched yeast) reduced the risk of total deaths from cancer (including colorectal, lung and prostate) according to this 7-year study.
Med Klin. 1997 Sep 15;92 Suppl 3:42-5.
Reduction of cancer mortality and incidence by selenium supplementation.
Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW.
PMID: 9342915
VITAMIN D
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
7. Daily dosage of vitamin D (3.75 micrograms/day) reduced the occurrence of colorectal cancer by 50% while daily dosage of calcium (1200 mg/day or more) resulted in a 75% reduction according to this 19 year study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jul;54(1 Suppl):193S-201S.
Can colon cancer incidence and death rates be reduced with calcium and vitamin D?
Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED.
Animal Study
8. Administration of N-acetylcysteine (0.2% in drinking water) reduced
tumor incidence, proliferation and tumor volume and caused cell death (apoptosis)
in mice. Thus N-acetylcysteine may help prevent colorectal cancer related to ulcerative colitis.
Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):993-1001.
Inhibition of chronic ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal adenocarcinoma development in a murine model by N-acetylcysteine.
Seril DN, Liao J, Ho KL, Yang CS, Yang GY. Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research,
N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC)
Animal study
9. Administration of N-acetylcysteine (200 mg per kilogram body weight) resulted
in cancer cell death in colorectal tumors in mice
J Gastrointest Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;5(1):91-7.
The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine increases 5-fluorouracil activity against
colorectal cancer xenografts in nude mice.
Bach SP, Williamson SE, Marshman E, Kumar S, O'Dwyer ST, Potten CS, Watson AJ.
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