CANCER/GENERAL
VARIOUS SUPPLEMENTS
1. The presence of reactive oxygen species in blood levels is indicative of free radicals. The following antioxidants, taken orally, reduced reactive oxygen species: alpha lipoic acid (200 mg/day); and a combination of vitamin A (30,000 IU/day), vitamin E (70 mg/day), and vitamin C (500 mg/day).
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2003;22(1):17-28.
Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant mechanisms, and serum cytokine levels in cancer patients: impact of an antioxidant treatment.
Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Mura L, Massa E, Gramignano G, Lusso MR,
Murgia V, Camboni P, Ferreli L.
2. The following antioxidants were found to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in cancer patients after 10 days of supplementation with: oral alpha lipoic acid (200 mg), intravenous N-acetylcysteine (1800 mg), intravenous glutathione (600 mg), oral vitamin A (30,000 IU), oral vitamin E (70 mg/day) and oral vitamin C (500 mg/day).
J Cell Mol Med. 2002 Oct-Dec;6(4):570-82.
Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant mechanisms and serum cytokine levels in cancer patients: impact of an antioxidant treatment.
Mantovani G, Maccio A, Madeddu C, Mura L, Massa E, Gramignano G, Lusso MR, Murgia V, Camboni P, Ferreli L.
N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE (NAC)
3. Daily intake of oral N-acetylcysteine (600 mg twice/day) for 6 months may help prevent cancer in tobacco smokers.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Feb;11(2):167-75.
Effects of oral administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine: a multi-biomarker study in smokers.
Van Schooten FJ, Nia AB, De Flora S, D'Agostini F, Izzotti A, Camoirano A, Balm AJ,
Dallinga JW, Bast A, Haenen GR, Van't Veer L, Baas P, Sakai H, Van Zandwijk N.
SELENIUM
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
4. Humans need at least 40 micrograms/day selenium to avoid deficiency and may need up to 300 micrograms/day to reduce the risk of cancer.
Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85(5):517-47.
Selenium in global food systems.
Combs GF Jr.
PMID: 11348568
5. Compared to placebo, daily doses of selenium (200 micrograms/day) for 8 years slightly lowered the risk of death from cancer of different types in patients with history of skin cancer.
JAMA. 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1957-63.
Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group.
Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR.
PMID: 8971064
Animal Study
6. Rats given selenium (between 1 – 5 mg/day) had lower incidence of leukemia, thyroid, mammary and pituitary tumors compared to rats not receiving selenium.
Gig Sanit. 1993 Jul;(7):54-7.
Study of the anticarcinogenic characteristics of the trace element, selenium,
sanitary-hygienic experiment
Knizhnikov VA, Komleva VA, Shandala NK, Shvetsov AI, Aristov VP.
PMID: 8224990
Animal Study
(ppm = parts per million)
7. Daily intake of selenium (1 ppm) in drinking water for 1 week before and 12 weeks following the introduction of uterine carcinogen implant resulted in 37% in the selenium group developing cancer while 72% of mice in the control group developed cancer.
Oncology. 1992;49(3):237-40.
Chemopreventive action of selenium on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mouse.
Hussain SP, Rao AR.
PMID: 1495753
8. This review indicates that humans with low blood levels of selenium are at greater risk of cancer and suggests that 0.15 – 0.30 mg/day selenium has protective properties.
Int J Biochem. 1988;20(2):123-32.
Chemoprevention of cancer: selenium.
Hocman G.
PMID: 3280357
9. Patients with bladder cancer who were taking megadoses of vitamins A, B6, C and E had 50% less recurrence of cancer compared to the control group taking only the recommended daily allowance of the same supplements. (specific doses not given).
J Urol. 1994 Jan;151(1):21-6.
Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial.
Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF, DeHaven JI.
VITAMIN B6/PYRIDOXINE
(ppm = parts per million)
Animal Study
10. Pyridoxamine (20 ppm) was more effective than pyridoxine (10 ppm) in preventing induced lymphopenia in rats.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1989 Oct;27(10):627-30.
Effect of oral and parenteral administration of B6 vitamers on the lymphopenia produced by feeding ammonia caramel or 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy)butylimidazole to rats.
Gobin SJ, Paine AJ.
PMID: 2606399
VITAMIN C
11. Patients with gastric and esophageal cancer had low blood levels of ascorbic acid which was corrected with 1500 mg ascorbic acid for 7 days. Those receiving ascorbic acid had fewer postoperative complications.
Vopr Onkol. 1989;35(4):436-41
[The role of ascorbic acid in the combined preoperative preparation of cancer patients]
[Article in Russian]
Gorozhanskaia EG, Gromova EG, Sviridova SP
12. Patients receiving vitamin C (at least 500 mg/day) had lower a lower recurrence rate of breast cancer.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Aug;103(8):982-90.
The association between vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use before hematopoietic stem cell transplant and outcomes to two years.
Bruemmer B, Patterson RE, Cheney C, Aker SN, Witherspoon RP.
PMID: 12891146
VITAMIN E/TOCOTRIENOL
13. Patients with head and neck cancers were treated with vitamin E (1200 IU/day) for 12 months. After 1 year, disease free survival rate was 91% and 84% after 2 years.
J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 15;19(12):3010-7.
Combined interferon-alfa, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and alpha-tocopherol in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: novel bioadjuvant phase II trial.
Shin DM, Khuri FR, Murphy B, Garden AS, Clayman G, Francisco M, Liu D, Glisson BS, Ginsberg L, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Myers J, Morrison W, Gillenwater A, Ang KK, Lippman SM, Goepfert H, Hong WK.
PMID: 11408495
Animal Study
14. Vitamin E (750 IU per kilogram body weight) and selenium (1.7 mg per kilogram body weight) were effective in preventing tumor development in rats that received carcinogenic implants.
Carcinogenesis. 2000 Aug;21(8):1531-6.
Effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on esophageal adenocarcinogenesis in a surgical model with rats.
Chen X, Mikhail SS, Ding YW, Yang G, Bondoc F, Yang CS.
PMID: 10910955
Animal Study
15. Mice were fed vitamin E (1000 IU or 66 IU/day) from conception to 3 months. Those receiving the higher dose had fewer tissue mutations and less oxidative DNA damage. Vitamin E may therefore be an effective chemoprotective agent.
Environ Mol Mutagen. 1999;34(2-3):195-200.
Spontaneous mutation frequency and pattern in Big Blue mice fed a vitamin E-supplemented diet.
Moore SR, Hill KA, Heinmoller PW, Halangoda A, Kunishige M, Buettner VL, Graham
KS, Sommer SS.
PMID: 10529744
16. Oral leukoplakia may be a precursor to mouth and esophagus cancer. It was found that patients receiving weekly doses of retinol (100,000 IU/week), vitamin E (80 mg) and beta carotene (40 mg) had lower risk of developing cancer and lower risk of chronic esophagitis.
Ann Epidemiol. 1993 May;3(3):225-34.
Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia and chronic esophagitis in an area of high incidence of oral and esophageal cancer.
Zaridze D, Evstifeeva T, Boyle P.
PMID: 8275193
ZINC
(ppm = parts per million)
Animal Study
17. Zinc at 74-75 ppm increased the rate of cancer cell death in esophageal cells thus reducing the development of esophageal cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Oct 17;93(20):1525-33.
Esophageal cancer prevention in zinc-deficient rats: rapid induction of apoptosis by replenishing zinc.
Fong LY, Nguyen VT, Farber JL.
PMID: 11604475
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