BREAST CANCER
Apigenin
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
Cell Study
1. Apigenin in solution (2.5 micrograms per milliliter) was effective in halting the proliferation of breast tumor cells in vitro.
Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(1):13947.
Apigenin acts on the tumor cell invasion process and regulates protease production.
Lindenmeyer F, Li H, Menashi S, Soria C, Lu H.
Cell Study
2. Apigenin in solution (2.5 - 10 micrograms per milliliter) reduced tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation.
Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(1):139-47.
Apigenin acts on the tumor cell invasion process and regulates protease production.
Lindenmeyer F, Li H, Menashi S, Soria C, Lu H.
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U553, Bat. INSERM,
Institut d'Hematologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, Universite Paris 7, 75475 Paris,
France.
CALCIUM
3. This review recommends that postmenopausal women supplement their diet with calcium (1000 to 1500 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 to 800 IU/day) to reduce breast cancer risk, bone loss and osteoporosis.
Adv Nurse Pract. 1999 Jul;7(7):2631, 80.
An expanding landscape. Osteoporosis. Treatment options today.
Meiner SE.
CALCIUM D-GLUCARATE
Animal study
4. Rats were fed calcium d-glucarate in a dose of 70 millimoles per kilogram body weight for 2 weeks which significantly reduced carcinogenesis in the rat mammary.
Cancer Lett. 1990 Jan;49(1):51-7.
Antiproliferative effect of dietary glucarate on the Sprague-Dawley rat mammary gland.
Walaszek Z, Hanausek M, Sherman U, Adams AK.
GREEN TEA
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
Cell Study
5. Treatment with green tea extract (40 micrograms per milliliter) significantly inhibited the fibroblast growth factor and angiogenic factor in human breast cancer cells.
Int J Oncol. 2002 Sep;21(3):487-91.
Inhibition of fibroblast growth factors by green tea.
Sartippour MR, Heber D, Zhang L, Beatty P, Elashoff D, Elashoff R, Go VL, Brooks MN.
Animal Study
6. A diet including green tea catechins (1% solution) and other antioxidants (not specified) prolonged life and significantly reduced the size or mammary tumors in rats with induced mammary gland cancer.
Cancer Lett 1994 Aug 15;83(1-2):149-56
Inhibition of mammary gland carcinogenesis by green tea catechins and other naturally occurring antioxidants in female Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene.
Hirose M, Hoshiya T, Akagi K, Futakuchi M, Ito N
SELENIUM
(ppm = parts per million)
Animal Study
7. Administration of sodium selenite (3.4 ppm) in drinking water significantly reduced the incidence of cancer in rats without liver damage compared to the same amount of selenomethionine which was not as effective and caused severe liver damage.
Cancer Res. 1984 Jul;44(7):2803-6.
Effect of an inorganic and organic form of dietary selenium on the promotional stage of mammary carcinogenesis in the rat.
Thompson HJ, Meeker LD, Kokoska S.
PMID: 6722810
Animal Study
8. A dose of vitamin E (1000 mg per kilogram of diet) increased the ability of selenium (2.5 mg per kilogram of diet) to halt proliferation of mammary tumors in rats.
Cancer Res. 1983 Nov;43(11):5335-41.
Synergistic effect of vitamin E and selenium in the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats.
Horvath PM, Ip C.
PMID: 6413056
Animal Study
9. A diet including selenium (5 mg per kilogram of diet) for 24 weeks from the time of the induction of tumors increased oxidized glutathione and normalized glutathione metabolism in rats with induced breast cancer tumors.
Mol Cell Biochem. 1996 Mar 23;156(2):101-7.
Influence of selenium on glutathione and some associated enzymes in rats with mammary tumor induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.
Chidambaram N, Baradarajan A.
PMID: 9095465
VITAMIN D
(1 microgram = 0.001 milligrams)
Animal Study
10. High doses of vitamin D3 (3.3 micrograms per kilogram diet) and retinoic acid (60 mg per kilogram diet) resulted in a significant reduction (44%) in the incidence of mammary cancer in rats.
Oncol Rep. 2002 May-Jun;9(3):533-7.
Prevention of methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancers by 9-cis-retinoic acid and/or vitamin D3.
Cope MB, Steele VE, Eto I, Juliana MM, Hill DL, Grubbs CJ.
PMID: 11956623
Animal Study
11. Treatment with vitamin D3 (0.1 micrograms 3 times/week) inhibited breast tumor growth in animals.
Lancet. 1989 Jan 28;1(8631):188-91.
Possible role for vitamin D in controlling breast cancer cell proliferation.
Colston KW, Berger U, Coombes RC.
Animal Study
12. A diet including calcipotriol (0.05 mg per kilogram diet) inhibited the progression of tumors in rats with induced mammary tumors without the side effect of hypercalcaemia.
Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Aug 18;44(4):693-702.
Effects of synthetic vitamin D analogues on breast cancer cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro.
Colston KW, Chander SK, Mackay AG, Coombes RC.
VITAMIN E/TOCOTRIENOL
13. This review states that intake of 800 IU/day of vitamin E is associated with increased rates of survival in breast cancer cases.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;889:107-19.
Calcium and vitamin D. Their potential roles in colon and breast cancer prevention.
Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED.
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